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  5-制作报表.md
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  <h2 id="制作报表"><a href="#制作报表" class="headerlink" title="制作报表"></a>制作报表</h2><h3 id="导出Excel报表"><a href="#导出Excel报表" class="headerlink" title="导出Excel报表"></a>导出Excel报表</h3><p>报表就是用表格、图表等格式来动态显示数据，所以有人用这样的公式来描述报表：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">报表 &#x3D; 多样的格式 + 动态的数据</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>有很多的三方库支持在Python程序中写Excel文件，包括<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://xlwt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/"><code>xlwt</code></a>、<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.xlwings.org/en/latest/quickstart.html"><code>xlwings</code></a>、<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/latest/"><code>openpyxl</code></a>、<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://xlsxwriter.readthedocs.io/"><code>xlswriter</code></a>等，其中的xlwt虽然只支持写xls格式的Excel文件，但在性能方面的表现还是不错的。下面我们就以<code>xlwt</code>为例，来演示如何在Django项目中导出Excel报表。</p>
<p>安装<code>xlwt</code>。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pip install xlwt</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>导出包含所有老师信息的Excel表格的视图函数。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">export_teachers_excel</span>(<span class="params">request</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 创建工作簿</span></span><br><span class="line">    wb = xlwt.Workbook()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 添加工作表</span></span><br><span class="line">    sheet = wb.add_sheet(<span class="string">&#x27;老师信息表&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 查询所有老师的信息</span></span><br><span class="line">    queryset = Teacher.objects.all()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 向Excel表单中写入表头</span></span><br><span class="line">    colnames = (<span class="string">&#x27;姓名&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;介绍&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;好评数&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;差评数&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;学科&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> index, name <span class="keyword">in</span> enumerate(colnames):</span><br><span class="line">        sheet.write(<span class="number">0</span>, index, name)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 向单元格中写入老师的数据</span></span><br><span class="line">    props = (<span class="string">&#x27;name&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;detail&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;good_count&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;bad_count&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;subject&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> row, teacher <span class="keyword">in</span> enumerate(queryset):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> col, prop <span class="keyword">in</span> enumerate(props):</span><br><span class="line">            value = getattr(teacher, prop, <span class="string">&#x27;&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> isinstance(value, Subject):</span><br><span class="line">                value = value.name</span><br><span class="line">            sheet.write(row + <span class="number">1</span>, col, value)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 保存Excel</span></span><br><span class="line">    buffer = BytesIO()</span><br><span class="line">    wb.save(buffer)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 将二进制数据写入响应的消息体中并设置MIME类型</span></span><br><span class="line">    resp = HttpResponse(buffer.getvalue(), content_type=<span class="string">&#x27;application/vnd.ms-excel&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 中文文件名需要处理成百分号编码</span></span><br><span class="line">    filename = quote(<span class="string">&#x27;老师.xls&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 通过响应头告知浏览器下载该文件以及对应的文件名</span></span><br><span class="line">    resp[<span class="string">&#x27;content-disposition&#x27;</span>] = <span class="string">f&#x27;attachment; filename*=utf-8&#x27;</span><span class="string">&#x27;&#123;filename&#125;&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> resp</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>映射URL。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">urlpatterns = [</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    path(<span class="string">&#x27;excel/&#x27;</span>, views.export_teachers_excel),</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="导出PDF报表"><a href="#导出PDF报表" class="headerlink" title="导出PDF报表"></a>导出PDF报表</h3><p>在Django项目中，如果需要导出PDF报表，可以借助三方库<code>reportlab</code>来生成PDF文件的内容，再将文件的二进制数据输出给浏览器并指定MIME类型为<code>application/pdf</code>，具体的代码如下所示。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">export_pdf</span>(<span class="params">request: HttpRequest</span>) -&gt; HttpResponse:</span></span><br><span class="line">    buffer = io.BytesIO()</span><br><span class="line">    pdf = canvas.Canvas(buffer)</span><br><span class="line">    pdf.setFont(<span class="string">&quot;Helvetica&quot;</span>, <span class="number">80</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    pdf.setFillColorRGB(<span class="number">0.2</span>, <span class="number">0.5</span>, <span class="number">0.3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    pdf.drawString(<span class="number">100</span>, <span class="number">550</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;hello, world!&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    pdf.showPage()</span><br><span class="line">    pdf.save()</span><br><span class="line">    resp = HttpResponse(buffer.getvalue(), content_type=<span class="string">&#x27;application/pdf&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    resp[<span class="string">&#x27;content-disposition&#x27;</span>] = <span class="string">&#x27;inline; filename=&quot;demo.pdf&quot;&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> resp</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>关于如何用<code>reportlab</code>定制PDF报表的内容，可以参考reportlab的<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.reportlab.com/docs/reportlab-userguide.pdf">官方文档</a>。</p>
<h3 id="生成前端统计图表"><a href="#生成前端统计图表" class="headerlink" title="生成前端统计图表"></a>生成前端统计图表</h3><p>如果项目中需要生成前端统计图表，可以使用百度的<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://echarts.baidu.com/">ECharts</a>。具体的做法是后端通过提供数据接口返回统计图表所需的数据，前端使用ECharts来渲染出柱状图、折线图、饼图、散点图等图表。例如我们要生成一个统计所有老师好评数和差评数的报表，可以按照下面的方式来做。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_teachers_data</span>(<span class="params">request</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line">    queryset = Teacher.objects.all()</span><br><span class="line">    names = [teacher.name <span class="keyword">for</span> teacher <span class="keyword">in</span> queryset]</span><br><span class="line">    good_counts = [teacher.good_count <span class="keyword">for</span> teacher <span class="keyword">in</span> queryset]</span><br><span class="line">    bad_counts = [teacher.bad_count <span class="keyword">for</span> teacher <span class="keyword">in</span> queryset]</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> JsonResponse(&#123;<span class="string">&#x27;names&#x27;</span>: names, <span class="string">&#x27;good&#x27;</span>: good_counts, <span class="string">&#x27;bad&#x27;</span>: bad_counts&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>映射URL。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">urlpatterns = [</span><br><span class="line">    path(<span class="string">&#x27;teachers_data/&#x27;</span>, views.get_teachers_data),</span><br><span class="line">]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>使用ECharts生成柱状图。</p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&lt;!DOCTYPE <span class="meta-keyword">html</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">html</span> <span class="attr">lang</span>=<span class="string">&quot;en&quot;</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">head</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">meta</span> <span class="attr">charset</span>=<span class="string">&quot;UTF-8&quot;</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">title</span>&gt;</span>老师评价统计<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">title</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">head</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">id</span>=<span class="string">&quot;main&quot;</span> <span class="attr">style</span>=<span class="string">&quot;width: 600px; height: 400px&quot;</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">p</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">&quot;/&quot;</span>&gt;</span>返回首页<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">p</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">script</span> <span class="attr">src</span>=<span class="string">&quot;https://cdn.bootcss.com/echarts/4.2.1-rc1/echarts.min.js&quot;</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">script</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">script</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">        <span class="keyword">var</span> myChart = echarts.init(<span class="built_in">document</span>.querySelector(<span class="string">&#x27;#main&#x27;</span>))</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">        fetch(<span class="string">&#x27;/teachers_data/&#x27;</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">            .then(<span class="function"><span class="params">resp</span> =&gt;</span> resp.json())</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">            .then(<span class="function"><span class="params">json</span> =&gt;</span> &#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">                <span class="keyword">var</span> option = &#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">                    color: [<span class="string">&#x27;#f00&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;#00f&#x27;</span>],</span></span><br><span class="line">                    title: &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">                        text: <span class="string">&#x27;老师评价统计图&#x27;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">                    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">                    tooltip: &#123;&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">                    legend: &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">                        data:[<span class="string">&#x27;好评&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;差评&#x27;</span>]</span></span><br><span class="line">                    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">                    xAxis: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                        data: json.names</span><br><span class="line">                    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">                    yAxis: &#123;&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">                    series: [</span><br><span class="line">                        &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">                            name: <span class="string">&#x27;好评&#x27;</span>,</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">                            type: <span class="string">&#x27;bar&#x27;</span>,</span></span><br><span class="line">                            data: json.good</span><br><span class="line">                        &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">                        &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">                            name: <span class="string">&#x27;差评&#x27;</span>,</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="javascript">                            type: <span class="string">&#x27;bar&#x27;</span>,</span></span><br><span class="line">                            data: json.bad</span><br><span class="line">                        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">                    ]</span><br><span class="line">                &#125;</span><br><span class="line">                myChart.setOption(option)</span><br><span class="line">            &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">script</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">html</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>运行效果如下图所示。</p>
<p><img src="http://iubest.gitee.io/pic/echarts_bar_graph.png" alt="img"></p>
 
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